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References

1.0 Introduction

  1. Kramer A, Pippias M, Stel VS et al. Renal replacement therapy in Europe: a summary of the 2013 ERA-EDTA Registry Annual Report with a focus on diabetes mellitus. Clin Kidney J. 2016; 9(3): 457-69.
  2. Morton RL, Tong A, Howard K et al. The views of patients and careers in treatment decision making for chronic kidney disease: Systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. British Medical Journal 2010; 340: 1-10.
  3. Mehrotra R, Marsh D, Vonesh E et al. Patient education and access of ESRD patients to renal replacement therapies beyond in-center hemodialysis. Kidney International 2005; Vol. 68: 378–390.

2.0 The History of Haemodialysis

  1. Graham T. The Bakerian lecture—on osmotic force. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 1854; 144:177–228.
  2. Abel JJ, Rowntree LG, Turner BB. The removal of diffusable substances from the circulating blood of living animals by dialysis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1914; 5:275–316.
  3. Thalhimer W, Solandt DY, Best CH. Experimental exchange transfusion using purified heparin. Lancet 1938; 11:554–555.
  4. Kolff WJ, Berk HT. The artificial kidney: a dialyser with a great area. Acta Med Scand 1944; 117:121–134.
  5. Kolff WJ. First clinical experience with the artificial kidney. Ann Intern Med 1965; 62:608–619.
  6. Merrill JP, Thorn GW, Walter CW et al. The use of an artificial kidney. 1. Technique. J Clin Invest 1950; 29:412–424.
  7. Baillod RA, Comty C, Ilahi M et al. Proceedings of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association 2. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1965: 99.
  8. NICE Technology Appraisal No. 48 Guidance on home compared with hospital haemodialysis for patients with end-stage renal failure 2002 https://www.nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=TA048guidance 
  9. USRDS report 2016 https://www.usrds.org/2016/view/Default.aspx

3.0 Home Haemodialysis – The Benefits of Frequent Dialysis

  1. Karkar A, Hegbrant J, Strippoli GF. Benefits and implementation of home hemodialysis: A narrative review. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2015;26(6):1095-107.
  2. Pauly RP, Eastwood DO, Marshall MR. Patient safety in home hemodialysis: quality assurance and serious adverse events in the home setting. Hemodialysis international International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis. 2015;19 Suppl 1:S59-70.
  3. Raimann JG, Chan CT, Daugirdas JT, Depner T, Gotch FA, Greene T, et al. The Effect of Increased Frequency of Hemodialysis on Volume-Related Outcomes: A Secondary Analysis of the Frequent Hemodialysis Network Trials. Blood purification. 2016;41(4):277-86.
  4. Tennankore K, Nadeau-Fredette AC, Chan CT. Intensified home hemodialysis: clinical benefits, risks and target populations. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association – European Renal Association. 2014;29(7):1342-9.
  5. Chertow GM, Levin NW, Beck GJ, Depner TA, Eggers PW, Gassman JJ, et al. In-center hemodialysis six times per week versus three times per week. The New England journal of medicine. 2010;363(24):2287-300.
  6. Hawley CM, Jeffries J, Nearhos J, Van Eps C. Complications of home hemodialysis. Hemodialysis international International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis. 2008;12 Suppl 1:S21-5.
  7. Copland M, Komenda P, Weinhandl ED, McCullough PA, Morfin JA. Intensive Hemodialysis, Mineral and Bone Disorder, and Phosphate Binder Use. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2016;68(5s1):S24-s32.
  8. Van Eps CL, Jeffries JK, Johnson DW, Campbell SB, Isbel NM, Mudge DW, et al. Quality of life and alternate nightly nocturnal home hemodialysis. Hemodialysis international International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis. 2010;14(1):29-38.
  9. Tang HL, Wong JH, Poon CK, Tang CM, Chu KH, Lee W, et al. One year experience of nocturnal home haemodialysis with an alternate night schedule in Hong Kong. Nephrology (Carlton, Vic). 2011;16(1):57-62.
  10. Hladunewich M, Schatell D. Intensive dialysis and pregnancy. Hemodialysis international International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis. 2016;20(3):339-48.
  11. Craig KL, Podymow T, Pauly RP. Intensifying renal replacement therapy during pregnancy: the role for nocturnal home hemodialysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2010;42(1):137-9.
  12. Weinhandl E, Liu j, Gilbertson D, Arneson T and Collins A. Survival in Daily Home Hemodialysis and Matched Thrice-Weekly In-Center Hemodialysis Patients. JASN, 2012
  13. Rydell H, Krutzen L, Simonsen O, Clyne N, Segelmark M. Excellent long time survival for Swedish patients starting home-hemodialysis with and without subsequent renal transplantations. Hemodialysis international International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis. 2013;17(4):523-31.
  14. Rydell H, Clyne N, Segelmark M. Home- or Institutional Hemodialysis? – a Matched Pair-Cohort Study Comparing Survival and Some Modifiable Factors Related to Survival. Kidney & blood pressure research. 2016;41(4):392-401.
  15. Georgianos PI, Sarafidis PA. Pro: Should we move to more frequent haemodialysis schedules? Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation: official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association – European Renal Association. 2015;30(1):18-22.
  16. Power A, Ashby D. Haemodialysis: hospital or home? Postgraduate medical journal. 2014;90(1060):92-7.
  17. Jaber BL, Lee Y, Collins AJ, Hull AR, Kraus MA, McCarthy J, et al. Effect of daily hemodialysis on depressive symptoms and postdialysis recovery time : interim report from the FREEDOM (Following Rehabilitation, Economics and Everyday-Dialysis Outcome Measurements) Study. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2010;56(3):531-9.
  18. Garg AX, Suri RS, Eggers P, Finkelstein FO, Greene T, Kimmel PL, et al. Patients receiving frequent hemodialysis have better health-related quality of life compared to patients receiving conventional hemodialysis. Kidney international. 2017.
  19. Jaber BL, Finkelstein FO, Glickman JD, Hull AR, Kraus MA, Leypoldt JK, et al. Scope and design of the Following Rehabilitation, Economics and Everyday-Dialysis Outcome Measurements (FREEDOM) Study. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2009;53(2):310-20.
  20. Finkelstein F, Schiller B, Daoui R, Gehr TW, Kraus MA, Lea J, Lee Y, Miller BW, Sinsakul M, Jaber BL. At-home short daily hemodialysis improves the long-term health-related quality of life. Kidney Int. 2012;82(5):561-9
  21. Xi W, Singh PM, Harwood L, Lindsay R, Suri R, Brown JB, et al. Patient experiences and preferences on short daily and nocturnal home hemodialysis. Hemodialysis international International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis. 2013;17(2):201-7.
  22. Visaya MA. Hemodialysis patients’ perceptions of home hemodialysis and self-care. Cannt j. 2010;20(2):23-8.
  23. Polaschek N. ‘Doing dialysis at home’: client attitudes towards renal therapy. Journal of clinical nursing. 2007;16(3a):51-8.
  24. Spanner E. et al. The Impact of Quotidian Hemodialysis on Nutrition . Am J Kidney Dis 42 (1 Suppl), 30-35. 7 2003
  25. Galland R. Arkouche W. Cleaud CH. Delawari E. Fouque D. Short daily hemodialysis rapidly improves nutritional status in hemodialysis patients. Journal INS. 2001. Vol 60, Issue 4, 1555–1560
  26. Kotanko P. et al. Effects of frequent hemodialysis on blood pressure: Results from the randomized frequent hemodialysis network trials. Hemodial Int. 2015 Jul;19(3):386-401
  27. Van E. et all. Changes in serum prolactin, sex hormones and thyroid function with alternate nightly nocturnal home haemodialysis. Nephrology. Volume 17, Issue 1. 2012. 42–47
  28. Jaber B. et al. Impact of At-home Short Daily Hemodialysis on Restless Legs Symptoms and Sleep Disturbances. CJASN. 2011
  29. Colm C. Magee C, J. Kevin Tucker, Ajay K. Core Concepts in Dialysis and Continuous Therapies, 2016.
  30. Borman N., Nair S., Goffin E. More Frequent Haemodialysis Improved Outcomes: The Wish Comes True At Home. European Medical Journal 2017;5[1]:36-42.
  31. Ayus, J.C., et al., Effects of short daily versus conventional hemodialysis on left ventricular hypertrophy and inflammatory markers: a prospective, controlled study. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2005. 16(9): p. 2778-88.

4.0 Basics of Home Haemodialysis

  1. Blagg CR. It’s time to look at home hemodialysis in a new light. Hemodialysis Horizons 2006; 22-28.
  2. Pipkin M. Eggers PM. Larive B et al. Recruitment and Training for Home Hemodialysis: Experience and Lessons from the Nocturnal Dialysis Trial Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5(9): 1614–1620.
  3. Wang P, Mony S, Harwood L et al. Patient experiences and preferences on short daily and nocturnal home hemodialysis. Hemodialysis Intern 2013; 17:201–207.
  4. Helantera I. Haapio M. Koskinen P et al. Employment of patients receiving maintenance dialysis and after kidney transplant: a cross-sectional study from Finland. AmJKidneyDis.2012;59:700–706.
  5. Nadeau-Fredette AC. Hawley C. Pascoe E et al. Predictors of Transfer to Home Hemodialysis after Peritoneal Dialysis Completion. Perit Dial Int. 2016 ;36(5):9-10.
  6. McLaughlin K. Jones H. VanderStraeten C,et al. Why do patients choose self-care dialysis? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23, 3972–3976.
  7. Marshall MR, Hawley CM, Kerr PG et al.Home hemodialysis and mortality risk in Australian and New Zealand populations. Am J Kidney Dis 2011; 58,782–793.
  8. Rioux JP. Cheema H. Bargman JM et al. Effect of an in-hospital chronic kidney disease education program among patients with unplanned urgent-start dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 6: 799–804.
  9. Hanko J. Jastrzebski J, Nieva C, et al. Dedication of a nurse to educating suboptimal haemodialysis starts improved transition to independent modalities of renalreplacement therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 26: 2302–2308.
  10. Watson D. Acute start–chronic needs: education and support for adults who have had acute start dialysis. Semin Dial 2013 ;26(2):184-187
  11. Rachael CW. Howard K. Rachael L et al. Patient and caregiver values, beliefs and experiences when considering home dialysis as a treatment option: a semi-structured interview study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015;0: 1–9.
  12. Lacson E Jr, Wang W, DeVries C, et al. Effects of a nationwide predialysis educational program on modality choice, vascular access, and patient outcomes. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011; 58:235- 242.
  13. Moran J. The Resurgence of Home Dialysis. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease, Vol 14, No 3 (July), 2007: pp 284-289.
  14. Diaz-Buxo JA, Zeller-Knuth CE, Rambaran KA et al. Home Hemodialysis Dose: Balancing. Patient Needs and Preferences. Blood Purif 2015; 39:45–49.
  15. François K, Ghazan-Shahi S, Chan CT. Modalities and prescribing strategies in intensive home hemodialyisis: a narrative review. Minerva Urol Nefrol 2015; 67: 75-84.
  16. Moran J. Technical Advances in Home Dialysis. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease, Vol 16, No 3 (May), 2009: pp 215-220.
  17. Jayanti A, Morris J, Stenvinkel P et al. Home hemodialysis: Beliefs, attitudes, and practice patterns. Hemodialysis Intern 2014; (6):1-10.
  18. Lockridge R. Prescriptions for home HD. Hemodialysis International 2015; 19:S112–S127.Karkar A. Modalities of Hemodialysis: Quality Improvement. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2012;23(6):1145-1161.
  19. Karkar A. Modalities of Hemodialysis: Quality Improvement. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2012;23(6):1145-1161.
  20. Hakim RM. Saha S: Dialysis frequency versus dialysis time, that is the question. Kidney Int 2014; 85: 1024–1029.
  21. Daugirdas JT, Depner TA, Inrig J et al. National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI HD Adequacy Guideline: 2015 Update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;66(5):884-930.
  22. Allan J. Collins, Christopher T. Chan. Intensive Hemodialysis: Potential for Improving Patient Outcomes. AJKD November 2016 68(5), Supp 1, 1-58.
  23. https://dosingcalculator.nxstage.com (accessed January 10, 2017).
  24. NxStage Therapy Handbook. NxStage Hemodialysis Treatment. 2015 NxStage Medical, Inc.
  25. Flythe JE, Kimmel SE, Brunelli SM. Rapid fluid removal during dialysis is associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Kidney Int 2011 Jan; 79(2): 250–257.
  26. Chan KE, Lazarus JM, Thadhani R et al. Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Usage Associates with Mortality among Hemodialysis Patients. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2009; 20: 872–881.
  27. Herrero-Calvo JA, González-Parra E, Pérez-García R et al. Spanish study of anticoagulation in haemodialysis. Nefrología 2012; 32: 143–52.
  28. Elliott MJ. Zimmerman D. Holden RM. Warfarin Anticoagulation in Hemodialysis Patients: A Systematic Review of Bleeding Rates. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007; 50: 433–440.
  29. Ziai F. Benesch T. Kodras K et al. The effect of oral anticoagulation on clotting during hemodialysis. Kidney Intern 2005 68: 862-866.
  30. Suranyi M, Chow JS. Review: Anticoagulation for haemodialysis. Nephrology 2010; 15: 386–392.
  31. Breen C. Anticoagulation and dialysis access practice in home haemodialysis in the UK. NDT Plus 2011 4 Suppl 3: 19-20.
  32. Davenport A. What are the anticoagulation options for intermittent hemodialysis? Nature Reviews. Nephrology 2011; 7: 499–508.
  33. Fischer KG. Essentials of anticoagulation in hemodialysis. Hemodial. Int. 2007; 11: 178–189.
  34. Kessler M, Moureau F, Nguyen P. Anticoagulation in Chronic Hemodialysis: Progress Toward an Optimal Approach. Seminars in Dialysis 2015; 28(5): 474–489.
  35. Cronin R, Reilly R. Unfractionated Heparin for Hemodialysis: Still the Best Option. Seminars in Dialysis 2010; 23(5):510–515.
  36. Lockridge R, Cornelis T, Van Eps C. Prescriptions for home HD. Hemodialysis Intern 2015; 19: 112–127.
  37. Davenport A. Review article: Low-molecular-weight heparin as an alternative anticoagulant to unfractionated heparin for routine outpatient haemodialysis treatments. Nephrology 2009; 14, 455–461.
  38. Piccoli GB. Bermond F. Mezza E, et al. Vascular access survival and morbidity on daily dialysis: a comparative analysis of home and limited care haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19:2084-2094.
  39. Cafazzo JA, Leonard K, Easty AC, Rossos PG, Chan CT. Patient-perceived barriers to the adoption of nocturnal home hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:784-789.
  40. Verhallen AM. Kooistra MP,.van Jaarsveld BC. Cannulating in haemodialysis: rope-ladder or buttonhole technique? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:2601-2604.
  41. Perl J. Lok CE. Chan CT. Central venous catheter outcomes in nocturnal hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 2006;70:1348-1354.
  42. KDOQI: Guidelines for Vascular Access, 2006. Available at: https://www.kidney.org. Accessed September 3, 2013.
  43. Ward J, Shaw K, Davenport A. Patients’ perspectives of constant-site (buttonhole) cannulation for haemodialysis access. Nephron Clin Pract 2010;116:c123–c127.
  44. Mur CA. Kotwal SS. Carmel M. et all. Buttonhole Cannulation and Clinical Outcomes in a Home Hemodialysis Cohort and Systematic Review. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 9 110–119.
  45. Reem AM. Zimmerman D. Rioux JP et al. Vascular access for intensive maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review for a Canadian society of nephrologyclinical practice guideline. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;62(1):112-131.
  46. Young BA. Chan C. Blagg C. et all. How to Overcome Barriers and Establish a Successful Home HD Program. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2012;(7): 2023–2032.
  47. Borman N., Nair S., Goffin E. More Frequent Haemodialysis Improved Outcomes: The Wish Comes True At Home. European Medical Journal 2017;5[1]:36-42.
  48. NKF/KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines and Recommendations. Update 2016.
  49. Hawley CM, Jeffries J, Nearhos J, Van Eps C. Complications of home hemodialysis. Hemodialysis international International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis. 2008;12 Suppl 1:S21-5.
  50. Karkar A, Hegbrant J, Strippoli GF. Benefits and implementation of home hemodialysis: A narrative review. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2015;26(6):1095-107.
  51. Saran R. et al. Longer treatment time and slower ultrafiltration in hemodialysis: Associations with reduced mortality in the DOPPS. Kidney International (2006) 69, 1222–1228.
  52. Chazot C. et al. Even a Moderate Fluid Removal Rate during Individualised Haemodialysis Session Times Is Associated with Decreased Patient Survival. Blood Purif 2017;44:89-97 [1]:36-42.

5.0 Vascular Access for Home Haemodialysis

  1. Brouwer D, Wu S, Joe J. Vascular access issues in home hemodialysis; US Nephrology 2010; 5: 76-80.
  2. Poon CK, Chan CT. Home hemodialysis associated infection-The “Achilles’Heel” of intensive hemodialysis. Hemodial Int 2016; doi: 10.1111/hdi.12508.
  3. Vandecasteele SJ, Boelaert JR, Devriese A. Staphylococcus aureus infections in hemodialysis: What a nephrologist should know. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4(8):1388-1400.
  4. Kaplowitz LG, Comstock JA, Landwehr DM, Dalton HP, Mayhall CG. Prospective study of microbial colonization of the nose and skin and infection of the vascular access site in hemodialysis patients. Journal of Clinical Microbiology; 26(7):1257-1262.
  5. Jayanti A, Foden P, Wearden A, Morris J, Brenchley P, Mitra S. Self-Cannulation for haemodialysis: Patient attributes, clinical correlates and self-cannulation predilection models. PLOS one 2015;10(5).
  6. Donata-Moore S. Self-cannulation for home hemodialysis: Strategies for success. Nephrology Nursing Journal 2013; 40(1):37-40.
  7. Sousa CN, Apostolo JL, Figueiredo MH, Martins MM, Dias VF. Physical examination: how to examine the arm with arteriovenous fistula ; Hemodial Int. 2013; 17:300-306.
  8. Van Waeleghem JP, Chamney M, Lindley E, Pancirova J. Venous needle dislodgement: how to minimise the risks. Journal of Renal Care 2008; 34 (4): 163-168.
  9. Mott S, Moore H. Using ‘tandem hand’ technique to facilitate self-cannulation in hemodialysis. Nephrology Nursing Journal 2009;36(3) 313-6, 325.
  10. NKF/KDOQI Updates Clinical Practice Guidelines and Recommendations. Clinical Practice Guidelines on vascular access (2006; cited 2012 Dec 9).
  11. Parisotto MT, Pelliccia F, Bedenbender-Stoll E, Gallieni M. Haemodialysis plastic cannulae- a possible alternative to traditional metal needles? J Vasc Access 2016:17(5):373-9.
  12. Cornelis T, Usvyat AL, Tordoir JH, Wang Y, Wong M, Leunissen KM, van der Sande FM, Kotanko P, Kooman JP. Vascular access vulnerability in intensive hemodialysis: a significant Achilles’ heel? Blood Purif 2014;222-28.
  13. Labriola L, Jadoul M. Moderators View : Buttonhole cannulation of arteriovenous Fistula : great caution is warrented . Nephrol Dial Transplant 2016; 31(4):530-3.
  14. Woodson RD, Shapiro RS. Antegrade versus retrograde cannulation for percutaneous hemodialysis. Dial Transplant;3(2):29-30.
  15. Verhallen AM, Kooistra MP, van Jaarsveld BC. Cannulation in Haemodialysis: Rope-ladder or buttonhole technique? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22:2601-2604.
  16. UK Renal Association (2008-2011) Clinical Practice Guidelines. Vascular Access for Hermodialysis. Complications of vascular access (Guidelines 6.1-6.4) 5th edition, 26b.
  17. Verhallen A. Successful vascular access management for home haemodialysis: a practical approach. Journal of Renal Care 2013; 39 (suppl. 1): 28-34.
  18. MacRae JM, Ahmed SB, Atkar R, Hemmelgarn BR. A randomized trial comparing buttonhole with rope ladder needling in conventional haemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;8(3):1632-1638.
  19. Labriola L, Crott R, Desmet C, Andre G, JAdoul M. Infectious complications following conversion to buttonhole cannulation of native arteriovenous fistulas : a quality improvement report. Am J Kidney Dis 2011;57(3):442-8.
  20. Nesrallah GE, Cuerden M, Wong JH, PierratosA. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and buttonhole cannulation: long term safety and efficacy of mupirocin prophylaxis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5(6):1047-53.
  21. British Renal Society Vascular Access Special Interest Group: Clinical recommendations for use of buttonhole technique for cannulation of arteriovenous fistulae www.britishrenal.org.
  22. Béchade C, Goovaerts T, Cougnet P, Labriola L, Jadoul M, Goffin E. Buttonhole cannulation is not associated with more AVF infections in a low-care dialysis unit: A long-term Longitudinal Study. PLOS one 2015; 10(11).
  23. Mott S. Cleaning buttonhole sites using exfoliating facial buffs -4 years later. www.forums.homedialysis.org.
  24. Claudio M, Chiari P, Tiziani A, Celli G, Silvia C, Ignazia M, Vanessa M, Lorenza B. Sharp versus blunt dialysis needle use with buttonhole method: open randomized trial. Journal of renal Care 2015; 41(4):213-221.
  25. Ball L. Improving arteriovenous fistula cannulation skills; Nephrology Nursing Journal 2005;32(6):1-8.
  26. www.vital-access.com/vwing.
  27. Nesrallah GE, Cuerden M, Wong JHS. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and buttonhole cannulation: long-term safety and efficacy of mupirocin prophylaxis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5: 1047-1053.
  28. Shinzato T, Shibata K, Hukui H, Miwa M, Toma S. New treatment method for the buttonhole entry site that leads to formation of no scab or a very small scab. 7 th Congress of the International Society for Hemodialysis, Okinawa, Japan April 2014.
  29. Parisotto MT. Vascular Access Cannulation and Care: A Nursing Best Practice Guide for Arteriovenous Graft. 1 st ed.; 2016. ISBN: 978-84-617-4687-3 Available from https://www.edtnaerca.org/education/publications-en.
  30. RivaraMB, Soohoo M, Streja E, Molnar MZ, Rhee CM, Cheung AK, Katz R, Arah R, Nissenson AR, Himmelfarb J, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Mehrotra R. of vascular access type with mortality, hospitalization, and transfer to in-center hemodialysis in patients undergoing Home hemodialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016, 11(2):298-307.
  31. Hayes WN, Tennankore K, Battistella M, Chan CT. Vascular access-related infection in nocturnal home hemodialysis. Hemodial Int. 2014; 18(2):481-7.
  32. Nesrallah GE, Mustafa RA, Macrae J et al. Canadian Society of Nephrology guidelines for the management of patients with ESRD treated with intensive hemodialysis; Am J Kidney Dis. 2013; 62:187-198.
  33. Perl J, Lok CE, Chan CT. Central venous catheter outcomes in nocturnal hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 2006 Oct;70(7):1348-54.
  34. Pierratos A, Goluboff D, Ouwendyk M. Vascular access for nocturnal hemodialysis; J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10:215A.
  35. Pierratos A, Ouwendyk M. Nocturnal hemodialysis: five years later. Semin Dial 1999; 12 (6):419-423.
  36. Lockridge R, Spencer M, Craft V, Pipkin M. Six years of experience with nightly home hemodialysis access. Hemodial Int 2004; 8:349-353.
  37. Kiellstrand CM, Blagg CR, Twardowski ZJ, Bower j. Blood access and daily hemodialysis: clinical experience and review of literature. ASAIO J 2003; 49: 645-649.
  38. Lindsey R-M, Leitch R, Heidenheim PA, Kortas C. The London daily/nocturnal hemodialysis study-study design, morbidity, and mortality results. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 42(suppl 1): S5-S11.
  39. Uldall R, DeBruyne M, Besley M. A new vascular access catheter for hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1993; 21:270-277.
  40. Adams D, Karpenen T, Worthington T, Lambert P, Elliot T. Infection risk associated with a closed luer access device. Journal of acquired Infection 2006; 62 (3): 353-357 17
  41. Ouwendyk M, Pierratos A, Francoeur R, Wallace L, Sit W, Vas s. Slow nocturnal home hemodialysis-One year later. J CANNT 1996; 6:26-28.
  42. Tennankore KK, d’Gama C, Faratro R, Fung S, Wong E, Chan CT. Adverse technical events in home Hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2015;65(1):116-21.
  43. Pancirova J, Davidson A. A Guide to Implementing Renal Best Practice in Haemodialysis. 1st ed.;2014. ISBN: 978-84-617-0566-5 Available from https://www.edtnaerca.org/education/publications-en
  44. Polaschegg HD. Loss of catheter locking solution caused by fluid density. ASAIO J 2005: 230-235.
  45. Mushahar L, Mei LW, Yusuf WS, Sivathasen S, Kamaruddin N, Idzham NJ. Exit-site dressing and infection in peritoneal dialysis: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Perit Dial Int 2016;36(2):135-9.
  46. Faratro R, Jeffries J, Nesrallah GE, Macrae JM. The care and keeping of vascular access for home hemodialysis patients. Hemodial Int. 2015; 19: s80-s92.
  47. Thomas A, Lynskey C, Bhola C, Eggers D, Mills L, Scattolon M, Pritchard L, Thompson B. Recommendations for central venous catheter management in hemodialysis patients. CANNT J 2006; 16(suppl 1):13-17.
  48. Parisotto MT, Pancirova J. Vascular Access cannulation and Care: A Nursing Best Practice Guide for Arteriovenous Fistula. 2 nd.;2015. ISBN:978-84-617-0567-2. Available from https://www.edtnaerca.org/education/publications-en.
  49. Borman N., Nair S., Goffin E. More Frequent Haemodialysis Improved Outcomes: The Wish Comes True At Home. European Medical Journal 2017;5[1]:36-42.

6.0 Education and Training in Home Haemodialysis

  1. Rioux J.P, Marshall M, Faratro R, Hakim R, Simmonds R, Chan C. Patient Selection and Training for Home Haemodialysis. International Society for Haemodialysis 2016.
  2. Henson A.A Guide to Implementing Best Practice in Haemodialysis. Vascular Access. EDTNA/ERCA. 2014.
  3. Flemming N.D, Miller C.Not another Inventory, Rather a Catalyst for Reflection to Improve the Academy. 1992.11,137-155.
  4. BRS Vascular Access Special Interest Group. Clinical Practice Recommendations for Use of Buttonhole Technique for Cannulation of Arteriovenous Fistulae.2016.
  5. Mcintyre C,Hulme L. Taal M, Fluck R. Locking of Tunnelled Haemodialysis Catheters with Gentamicin and Heparin. Kidney International.2004, 66,801-805.
  6. Borman N., Nair S., Goffin E. More Frequent Haemodialysis Improved Outcomes: The Wish Comes True At Home. European Medical Journal 2017;5[1]:36-42.
  7. Nesrallah G, Suri R, Moist L, Kortas C, Lindsay RM. Volume control and blood pressure management in patients undergoing quotidian hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42(1 suppl):13-17.
  8. Hawley CM, Jeffries J, Nearhos J, Van Eps C. Complications of home hemodialysis. Hemodialysis international International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis. 2008;12 Suppl 1:S21-5.
  9. Kriz W.C. Shift From Teaching To Learning: Individual, Collective and Organizational Learning Through Gaming Simulation. Bertelsmann W., Jul 10, 2014 – 380 pages – ISBN 9783763954209.

7.0 Living with Home Haemodialysis

  1. Tennankore, K., Nadeau-Fredette, A.C., and Chan, C.T. (2014). Intensified home hemodialysis: clinical benefits, risks and target populations. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 29(7): 1342−1349.
  2. Ayus, J.C., Mizani, M.R., Achinger, S.G., Thadhani, R., Go, A.S., and Lee, S. (2005). Effects of short daily versus conventional hemodialysis on left ventricular hypertrophy and inflammatory markers: a prospective, controlled study. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 16(9): 2778−2788.
  3. Barua, M., Hladunewich, M., Keunen, J., Pierratos, A., McFarlane, P., Sood, M., and Chan, C.T. (2008). Successful pregnancies on nocturnal home hemodialysis. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 3(2): 392−396.
  4. Brahmbhatt, Y., Ikeme, A., Bhogal, N., and Berghella, V. (2016). Successful pregnancy using the NxStage home hemodialysis system. Case Reports in Nephrology, Volume 2016: paper 1358625 [retrieved 26/02/2017 from https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1358625].
  5. van Eps, C., Hawley, C., Jeffries, J., Johnson, D.W., Campbell, S., Isbel, N., Mudge, D.W., and Prins, J. (2012). Changes in serum prolactin, sex hormones and thyroid function with alternate nightly nocturnal home hemodialysis. Nephrology (Carlton), 17: 42−47.
  6. Chan, C.T., Harvey, P.J., Picton, P., Pierratos, A., Miller, J.A., and Floras, J.S. (2003). Short-term blood pressure, noradrenergic, and vascular effects of nocturnal home hemodialysis. Hypertension, 42: 925−931.
  7. Johansen, K.L., Zhang, R., Huang, Y., Chen, S.C., Blagg, C.R., Goldfarb-Rumyantzev, A.S., Hoy, C.D., Lockridge, R.S. Jr., Miller, B.W., Eggers, P.W., and Kutner, N.G. (2009). Survival and hospitalization among patients using nocturnal and short daily compared to conventional hemodialysis: a USRDS study. Kidney International, 76: 984−990.
  8. Soni, V., Pastuszac, A.W., and Khera, M. (2016). Erectile dysfunction and infertility. In: Minhas, S., and Mulhall, J. (eds.) Male Sexual Dysfunction: A Clinical Guide. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  9. Anantharaman, P., and Schmidt, R.J. (2007). Sexual function in chronic kidney disease. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease, 14(2): 119−125.
  10. Manisco, G., PotÌ, M., Maggiulli, G., Di Tullio, M., Losappio, V., and Vernaglione, L. (2015). Pregnancy in end-stage renal disease patients on dialysis: how to achieve a successful delivery. Clinical Kidney Journal, 8: 293−299.
  11. Panagopoulou, A., Hardalias, A., Berati, S., and Fourtounas, C. (2009). Psychosocial issues and quality of life in patients on renal replacement therapy. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation, 20(2): 212−218.
  12. Bennett, P.N., Schatell, D., and Shah, K.D. (2015). Psychosocial aspects in home hemodialysis: a review. Hemodialysis International, 19: S128−S134.
  13. Cukor, D., Coplan, J., Brown, C., Friedman, S., Cromwell-Smith, A., Peterson, R., and Kimmel, P. (2007). Depression and anxiety in urban hemodialysis patients. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2: 484−490.
  14. Cukor, D., Peterson, R.A., Cohen, S.D., and Kimmel, P.L. (2006). Depression in end-stage renal disease hemodialysis patients. Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology, 2(12): 678−687.
  15. Griva, K., Davenport, A., Harrison, M., and Newman, S. (2010). An evaluation of illness, treatment perceptions, and depression in hospital- vs. home-based dialysis modalities. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 69(4): 363−370.
  16. Suzuki, H., Watanabe, Y., Inoue, T., Kikuta, T., Takenaka, T., and Okada, H. (2014). Depression in ESRD patients: home HD is less depressive that than in-center HD. Journal of Clinical Nephrology and Research, 1(2): 1010 [retrieved 05/03/2017 from https://www.jscimedcentral.com/Nephrology/nephrology-1-1010].
  17. Tong, A., Palmer, S., Manns, B., Craig, J.C., Ruospo, M., Gargano, L., Johnson, D.W., Hegbrant, J., Olsson, M., Fishbane, S., and Strippoli, G.F.M. (2013). The beliefs and expectations of patients and caregivers about home haemodialysis: an interview study. BMJ Open, 3: 1−14.
  18. Alnazly, E.K., and Samara, N.A. (2014). The burdens on caregivers of patients above 65 years old receiving hemodialysis: a qualitative study. Health Care Current Reviews 2: 118. doi: 10.4172/hccr.1000118 [retrieved 08/03/2017 from https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/hccr.1000118].
  19. Corbett, R.W., Prout, V., Haynes, D., Edwards, C., and Frankel, A.H. (2014). Problems associated with hemodialysis and travel. Journal of Travel Medicine, 21(4): 255−259.
  20. McFarlane, P., and Komenda, P. (2011). Economic considerations in frequent home hemodialysis. Seminars in Dialysis, 24(6): 678−683.
  21. Walker, R.C., Howard, K., Tong, A., Palmer, S.C., Marshall, M.R., Morton, R.L. (2016). The economic considerations of patients and caregivers in choice of dialysis modality. Hemodialysis International, 20: 634−642.
  22. Borman N., Nair S., Goffin E. More Frequent Haemodialysis Improved Outcomes: The Wish Comes True At Home. European Medical Journal 2017;5[1]:36-42.
  23. Évaluation médico-économique des stratégies de prise en charge de l’insuffisance rénale chronique terminale en France – HAS report 2014.
  24. Olsson J., Olsson P. Total cost analysis in Sweden: Comparison of 4 different dialysis modalities. Master Thesis, Business and Law School, University of Gothenburg. 2015.
  25. Benain J.P., Baines R., Kohle N., Borman N. Key Success Factors and Drivers When Launching and Developping a Profitable and Sustainable Home Haemodialysis Programme. Poster presented at British Renal Society conference 2017, pending publication.
  26. Eric D. Weinhandl, Jiannong Liu, David T. Gilbertson, Thomas J. Arneson, and Allan J. Collins. Survival in Daily Home Hemodialysis and Matched Thrice-Weekly In-Center Hemodialysis Patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;23: 895–904.

8.0 Ongoing Support

  1. Kidney Health Australia An introduction to Home Haemodialysis. 2016. www.kidney.org.au/publications Accessed April 12 2017.
  2. NHS Kidney Care, Improving choice for kidney patients, five steps tool kit to home haemodialysis, February 2010.
  3. Home Dialysis summit, increasing uptake of home haemodialysis to benefit patients and the NHS, 2013.
  4. Kent Chiro/Med Wellness Clinic. Patient education. Available from https://www.kentchiromed.com/portfolio-view/patient-education/ Accessed Aug 8, 2016.
  5. EDTNA/ERCA, Vascular Access Cannulation and Care, a Nursing Best Practice Guide for Arteriovenous Graft, first ed: Sept, 2016.
  6. https://www.nxstage.co.uk/hcp/haemodialysis/benefits Accessed March 30, 2016.
  7. Hignell. L, Gladding.S, Home Haemodialysis, A feasible treatment option for renal patients, J Renal Nursing, 2011, 3(4); 180.
  8. Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool – www.bapen.org.uk.
  9. Chow J. Donaldson P. Fortnum D. Frasca, S. Grimley K. Hyde, C. et al. Beyond dialysis — telehealth initiatives. Renal Soc Australasia J 2016; 12(1): 18-25.
  10. Rand Health Kidney Disease Quality of Life Tool. https://www.rand.org/health/surveys_tools/kdqol.html Accessed April 12, 2017.
  11. Ikonomou M,Skapinakis P Balafa O,Eleftheroudi M, Damigos D, Siamopoulos KC. The impact of socioeconomic factors on quality of life of patients with chronic kidney disease in Greece. J Ren Care 2015 Dec;41(4):239-46.
  12. Pauly RP, Eastwood DO, Marshall MR. Patient safety in home hemodialysis: quality assurance and serious adverse events in the home setting. Hemodialysis international International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis. 2015;19 Suppl 1:S59-70.
  13. Lowrie EG, Zhang H, LePain N, Lew N, Lazarus JM. The association of SF‐36 quality of life scales with patient mortality. CQI Memorandum, Fresenius Medical Care, 1997.
  14. Spanner E, Suri R, Heidenheim AP, Lindsay RM. The impact of quotidian hemodialysis on nutrition. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42(1 suppl):30-35.
  15. Galland R, Traeger J, Arkouche W, Cleaud C, Delawari E, Fouque D. Short daily hemodialysis rapidly improves nutitional status in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2001;60(4):1555-1560.
  16. Traeger J, Galland R, Delawari E, Arkouche W, Hadden R. Six years’ experience with short daily hemodialysis: do the early improvements persist in the mid and long term? Hemodial Int. 2004;8(2):151-158.
  17. Ting GO, Kjellstrand C, Freitas T, Carrie BJ, Zarghamee S. Long-term study of high-comorbidity ESRD patients converted from conventional to short daily hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42(5):1020-1035.
  18. Buoncristiani U. Fifteen years of clinical experience with daily haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998;13(suppl 6):148-151.
  19. Williams AW, O’Sullivan DA, McCarthy JT. Slow nocturnal and short daily hemodialysis: a comparison. Semin Dial. 1999;12(6):431-439. (Nocturnal).
  20. Pierratos, A. Daily (quotidian) nocturnal home hemodialysis: Nine years later. s.l. : Hem Int, 2004. pp. 45-50. Vol. 8. (Nocturnal).

9.0 Safety and Risk Management

  1. Wong B, Zimmerman D, Reintjes F, Courtney M, Klarenbach S, Dowling G, et al. Procedure-related serious adverse events among home hemodialysis patients: a quality assurance perspective. American journal of kidney diseases: the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2014;63(2):251-8.
  2. Hawley CM, Jeffries J, Nearhos J, Van Eps C. Complications of home hemodialysis. Hemodialysis international International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis. 2008;12 Suppl 1:S21-5.
  3. Pauly RP, Eastwood DO, Marshall MR. Patient safety in home hemodialysis: quality assurance and serious adverse events in the home setting. Hemodialysis international International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis. 2015;19 Suppl 1:S59-70.
  4. Tennankore KK, d’Gama C, Faratro R, Fung S, Wong E, Chan CT. Adverse technical events in home hemodialysis. American journal of kidney diseases: the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2015;65(1):116-21.
  5. Bi SH, Tang W, Rigodanzo-Massey N, Young BA, Blagg CR, Wang T, et al. Infection-Related Hospitalizations in Home Hemodialysis Patients. Blood purification. 2015;40(3):187-93.
  6. Assurance Integrity Management Systems.Viewed at http://aimsllc.biz/hse-procedures.
  7. Hurst, RN, CLNC, Venous Needle Dislodgement – A Universal Concern. European Nephrology, Volume 5, issue 2, Winter 2011.
  8. Venous Needle Dislodgement app. Download via https://www.edtnaerca.org/collaboration/industry-partners.

10.0 Dietary Management in Home Haemodialysis

  1. Lochs H, Allison SP, Meier R, et al. Introductory to the ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: terminology, definitions and general topics. Clin Nutr. 2006; 25.
  2. Bonanni A, Mannucci I, Verzola D, et al. Protein-energy wasting and mortality in chronic kidney disease. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011; 8.
  3. Kuhlmann MK, Kribben A, Witter M, Horl WH. OPTA- Malnutrition in chronic renal falure. . Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22 iii13-iii19.
  4. NKF. Clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure. K/DOQI, National Kidney Foundation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000; 35.
  5. Galland R, Traeger J, Arkouche W, Cleaud C, Delawari E, Fouque D. Short daily hemodialysis rapidly improves nutritional status in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2001 Oct;60(4):1555-60.
  6. Schorr M, Manns BJ, Culleton B, et al. The effect of nocturnal and conventional hemodialysis on markers of nutritional status: results from a randomized trial. J Ren Nutr 2011 May;21(3):271-6 doi: 101053/jjrn201004004 Epub 2010 Jul 21.
  7. Sikkes ME, Kooistra MP, Weijs PJ. Improved nutrition after conversion to nocturnal home hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr 2009 Nov;19(6):494-9 doi: 101053/jjrn200905006 Epub 2009 Jul 17.
  8. Spanner E, Suri R, Heidenheim AP, Lindsay RM. The impact of quotidian hemodialysis on nutrition. Am J Kidney Dis 2003 Jul;42(1 Suppl): 30-5.
  9. K/DOQI. Clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure. K/DOQI, National Kidney Foundation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000; 35: S1-140.
  10. Fouque D, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple J, et al. A proposed nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for proteinenergy wasting in acute and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2008; 73: 391-8.
  11. Fouque D, Vennegoor M, ter Wee P, et al. EBPG guideline on nutrition.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007; Suppl 2 ii45-87.
  12. Ikizler TA. Optimal Nutrition in Hemodialysis Patients. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease. 20: 181-89.
  13. Toigo G, Aparicio M, Attman PO, et al. Expert Working Group report on nutrition in adult patients with renal insufficiency (part 1 of 2). Clin Nutr. 2000; 19: 197-207.
  14. Cano N, Fiaccadori E, Tesinsky P, et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Adult renal failure. Clin Nutr. 2006; 25: 295-310.
  15. Ikizler TA, Flakoll PJ, Parker RA, Hakim RM. Amino acid and albumin losses during hemodialysis. Kidney International. 1994; 46: 830-7.
  16. Ipema KJ, van der Schans CP, Vonk N, et al. A difference between day and night: protein intake improves after the transition from conventional to frequent nocturnal home hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr 2012 May; 22(3): 365-72 doi: 101053/jjrn201108010 Epub 2011 Nov 4.
  17. Fort J. Chronic renal failure: a cardiovascular risk factor. Kidney International. 2005; 68 S25-S29.
  18. NCEP. National Cholesterol Education Program. Third Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). . 2001;285:2486–2497. JAMA. 2001; 285: 2486–97.
  19. Khoueiry G, Waked A, Goldman M, et al. Dietary Intake in Hemodialysis Patients Does Not Reflect a Heart Healthy Diet. J Ren Nutr. 2011; 21: 438-47.
  20. EDTNA/ERCA. European Guidelines for the Nutritional Care of Adult Renal Patients. 2002.
  21. NKF, editor Pocket Guide to Nutrition Assessment of the Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease. NY: National Kidney Foundation, 2009.
  22. NKF-KDOQI. Clinical practice guidelines for nutrition in CRF. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2000; 35: S9, S56-63.
  23. King RS, Glickman JD. Electrolyte management in frequent home hemodialysis. Semin Dial 2010 Nov-Dec; 23(6): 571-4 doi: 101111/j1525-139X201000792x Epub 2010 Dec 20.
  24. Borman N., Nair S., Goffin E. More Frequent Haemodialysis Improved Outcomes: The Wish Comes True At Home. European Medical Journal 2017;5[1]:36-42.

11.0 Environmental Home Haemodialysis

  1. Stragier A, Boccato C et al. Environmental Guidelines for Dialysis, A Practical Guide to Reduce the Environmental Burden of Dialysis First edition: May 2012 European Dialysis and Transplant Nurses Association/ European Renal Care Association (EDTNA/ERCA). 2012.
  2. Green dialysis. Viewed at https://www.greendialysis.org/resources/sources.
  3. Conner A, Lillywhite R, Cooke M. The carbon footprints of home and in-center maintenance haemodialysis in the United Kingdom. Haemodialysis International 15(1) · January 2011.
  4. Sobrino Perez P, The specific treatment of water applied to the health field. Guideline for dialysate quality of Spanish Society of Nephrology (second edition, 2015).
  5. Pérez-Garcia R, Garcia Maset R, Gonzalez Parra E et al. Guideline for dialysate quality of Spanish Society of Nephrology (second edition 2015).
  6. Agar, J. W. (2010). ‘Conserving water in and applying solar power to haemodialysis: green dialysis’ through wiser resource utilization’. Nephrology (Carlton), 15 (4), 448-53.
  7. Garcia G, Carbon Footprint April Spanish association for quality environmental committee2NxStage® Basic Hemodialysis Treatment Manual 2013.
  8. Connor A, Lillywhite R, Cooke M. Carbon footprints of the provision of maintenance HD to single patient using differing HD modalities and regimes. Hemodialysis International 2011; 15:39-51.
  9. NxStage® Basic Hemodialysis Treatment Manual.
  10. Fortnum D, (2015) National Project Manager, Home Dialysis Kidney Health Australia and New Zealand Electricity Standards and Home Dialysis 2015 update AS/NZS 3003:2011/Amdt 1.

12.0 Home Programme Case Study

  1. Gilga, J. Caskeyabc, F. Fogartyd. D. UK Renal Registry 18th Annual Report. Chapter 1 UK Renal Replacement Therapy Incidence in 2014: National and Centre-specific Analyses Nephron 2016;132(suppl1):9–40. Viewed at: https://www.renalreg.org/reports/2015-eighteenth-annual-report/.
  2. Feraud P & Wauters JP: The Decline of Home Haemodialysis: How and Why? Nephron 1999; 81:249-255.
  3. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Guidance on home compared with hospital haemodialysis for patients with end-stage renal failure. Technology Appraisal Guidance No 48, Oct 2002.
  4. Mactier R, Mitra S, Boakes S et al. Renal Association Working Party On Home Haemodialysis. Renal Association UK 2009 https://www.renal.org/whatwedo/Publications.aspx.
  5. Policy statement Dialysis Capacity-National Kidney Foundation. Viewed at; https://www.kidney.org.uk/about-us/policy/main-policy-policycap-dial/.
  6. Hignell L., Gladding S. Home haemodialysis: a feasible treatment option for renal patients. J of renal nurs 2011; 3(4) :180-185.
  7. Rattanasompattikul M. Feroze U. Molnar MZ. Dukkipati R. Kovesdy P. Norris KC et al. Charlson comorbidity score is a strong predictor of mortality in hemodialysis patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2012 Dec; 44(6): 18131823.
  8. V. Gangaram V. & N. Borman N. Single Centre experience of Nocturnal haemodialysis. Jl of Kid care 2016. Sep; 1(3) 134-138.

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